![ternary diagram detritus ternary diagram detritus](https://media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12520-021-01336-x/MediaObjects/12520_2021_1336_Fig3_HTML.png)
As the area of native vegetation is reduced by urbanization, the trait composition changes, with reduced proportions of species with intolerance to hypoxia, migratory reproductive behavior, external fertilization, and subterminal mouth, and increased proportions of species with parental care, detritivory, internal fertilization, and an upper mouth. In the analyzes of trait composition, significant alterations were observed in response to urbanization while only the increase in herbivory responded to ruralization. The results indicate that a higher percentage of rural or urban occupation is associated with increased functional dispersion.
![ternary diagram detritus ternary diagram detritus](https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0016703721005007-gr1.jpg)
Statistical tests revealed negative bivariate correlations between functional dispersion and the proportion of native vegetation in the watershed. Land use in the watershed was categorized as percentages of native vegetation, rural occupation and urban occupation. The study was carried out in 24 streams of the Pirapó, Piquiri, Paraná III and Iguassu river basins. We tested the effects of ruralization and urbanization on the functional diversity indices and the composition of functional traits of Neotropical stream fish communities. da Faculdade, 645, Jardim La Salle, 85903-000 Toledo, PR, Brazil. (EAG) (PAP) de Pós-Graduação em Recursos Pesqueiros e Engenharia de Pesca, Grupo de Pesquisas em Recursos Pesqueiros e Limnologia (Gerpel), Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, R. da Faculdade, 645, Jadim La Salle, 85903-000 Toledo, PR, Brazil. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Conservação e Manejo de Recursos Naturais, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, R. (NORM) (corresponding author) (AMC) de Pós-Graduação em Recursos Pesqueiros e Engenharia de Pesca, Grupo de Pesquisas em Recursos Pesqueiros e Limnologia (Gerpel), Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, R. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Aquicultura e Desenvolvimento Sustentável, Laboratório de Ecologia, Pesca e Ictiologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor Palotina, R. (NORM) (corresponding author) (AMC) Almir Manoel Cunico